Introduction Nowadays, a modern refinery has a throughput of billions of US dollars per year in the gas and diesel market. However, tight oil refining...
Introduction Marginal values are valid for a specific range of variables. They change as soon as a modification is induced in either the independent variable...
Introduction Blending in a refinery is essential to minimize cost and maximize profit while producing products within the required specifications and demands. All the available...
Introduction An integrated virtual refinery simulation platform is obtained when system simulation joins virtual reality. A simulation algorithm may be applied to this platform. Important...
Introduction Due to the randomness of possible serious errors, the process measurements performed by chemical plants or refineries often do not meet the limits of...
Introduction Crude blending allows the mixing of crudes. Crudes are considered the constituent of mixed feed. Here, they may satisfy the operational needs that they...