Introduction For refinery operation purposes, tank behavior is dynamic and complex. Therefore, it is not easy to know the precise tank level or inventory soon. This may increase a refinery’s operation expenses. This topic will discuss methods to estimate product…

Introduction Linear and nonlinear data normalization, or reconciliation, entails a linear system and a nonlinear system with mass and energy scales and constraints. Therefore, a significant sum of work is required to devise a solution strategy or develop a model…

Introduction Today, refineries can evaluate their performance by comparing it with other refineries using two different indices: automation effectiveness and operational efficiency. Moreover, the indices are worth estimating financial investment, which might be necessary for upgrading the existing automated/nonautomated blending…