Introduction Blending is a complex process. There is a basic equation involved in this process. As It is a nonlinear process, there are different sources of error in this process. There are assumptions about blending equations. This process depends on…

Introduction Onsite and offsite are two distinct categories of refinery operations. Undoubtedly, offsite operations consist of 80 to 90 percent of the refinery’s end products and, therefore, affect the refinery’s bottom line regarding efficiency, accountability, minimization of quality giveaways, and…

Introduction The difference between the actual results of the chemical product and the stated results of the chemical product is a giveaway. This loss triggers marginal depletion of fuel, distillate, and heavy oil prices. These giveaways are converted into the…