Introduction For the proper function of a refinery, along with appropriate equipment, adequate instrumentation is also required. Proper instrumentation increases the quality of work, prevents damage, and provides sufficient control over the equipment. This topic will discuss topics like a…

Introduction Nowadays, a modern refinery has a throughput of billions of US dollars per year in the gas and diesel market. However, tight oil refining margins and stringent product quality requirements make it more difficult for oil refiners to produce…

Introduction Marginal values are valid for a specific range of variables. They change as soon as a modification is induced in either the independent variable or the dependent variable. Thus, the marginal effect is the instantaneous change brought by the…