Introduction Blending in a refinery is essential to minimize cost and maximize profit while producing products within the required specifications and demands. All the available components are utilized to produce specified products. Advancement in blending techniques has made it possible…

Introduction An integrated virtual refinery simulation platform is obtained when system simulation joins virtual reality. A simulation algorithm may be applied to this platform. Important components of this platform are static as well as dynamic simulation systems, a linked database…

Introduction Due to the randomness of possible serious errors, the process measurements performed by chemical plants or refineries often do not meet the limits of material and energy balance. The randomness of the possible errors can be adjusted using data…