Introduction Biodiesel is a type of diesel fuel. It is obtained from animals or plants. It contains long-chain fatty acid esters composed of chemically reactive lipids. These lipids are derived from vegetable oil, soybean oil, or animal fat. Propyl, ethyl…

Introduction Biofuels are derived from waste or organic matter, such as agricultural crops. They are a reliable source of renewable energy. They are blended with other fuels like diesel and gasoline. They reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. As a…

Introduction The mathematical equations may have Constraints decision variables as well as equalities/inequalities. Some common parameters concerning the model are market requirements, regulations concerning diesel fuel, and crude mix ratio. For refinery operations, these parameters influence profitability, export/import of final…