Introduction Physical and chemical processes add to refinery complexity. The profitability of a refinery depends on the efficiency of individual processes. Hence, there should be effective process monitoring. For the quantification of chemical and physical properties, NIR spectrometry is very…

Introduction Gaseous fuels are the foundation of potential heat energy. They are gaseous state hydrocarbons consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Pipes are used for the dissemination of gaseous fuels to transport to their place of consumption. The fuels are…

Introduction Typically, the blend control and optimization architecture are composed of three layers: offline optimizer, online control, optimization, a regulatory blend control, or RBC. The first two layers are resident in the workstations, whereas the last one is in the…